时 一般 态 过去 did, was/were was/were doing 现在 do/does, am/is/are 将来 will do am/is/are going to do am/is/are to do am/is/are doing do/does 过去将would do 来 1. 一般现在时表将来
时间、条件状语从句中，事情如果发生在未来，从句中一般用一般现在时表将来。 Call me as soon as he arrives. I’ll write to you when I get Beijing.
表示计划好的将来行动或一系列行动，特别是指旅途中的行动。旅行社人员常这样用：
would doing be would have would have been done doing am/is/are doing has/have done has/have doing have will have been doing been had done had been doing 进行 完成 完成进行 will be doing will done We leave London at 10∶00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13∶00．
2. 询问或引用书籍、通知或新近接到的信件的内容时，常将一般现在时与动词say连用： —What does that notice say？ —It says，‘No parking．’
4. 进行时态主要只用于表示有意识的动作。因此某些动词通常不用进行时态而只有一种现在时态，即一般现在时。这些动词可以分类如下：
A 表示感觉（不由自主的动作）的动词如feel，hear，see，smell；也包括notice和observe（=notic）以及当连词用的feel， B 表示感情和情绪的动词如admire（=respect），adore，appreciate（=value），care for（=like），desire，detest，dislike，fear， hate，like，loathe，love，mind（=care），respect，value，want，wish等。 C 表示精神活动的动词如agree，appreciate（=understand），as- sume，believe，expect（=think），feel（=think），feel sure／certain，forget，know，mean，perceive，realize，recall，recongnize，recollect，remember，see（=understand），see through someone D 表示拥有的动词如belong，owe，own，possess：
F appear（=seem），concern，consist，contain，hold（=contain），keep（=continue），matter，seem，signify，sound（=seem／appear） 5. 常与完成时态连用的词：since, for, just, already, yet
6. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：是否与现在时间发生联系 —I thought you were still on holiday．When did you get back？ —I came back last week． —Has your term started yet？ —Yes，it started on Monday． 7. 将来完成时
You’ll have been in Beijing next month.
语态
主动、被动
1. 使役动词 make/have/let后跟不定式省略to，而make/have为被动时则不能省略to, let虽然被动也用省略to的不定式，但它一般被allow代替。
My mother made me read these books. I was made to read these books.
2. 主动表被动的动词：wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, write, sell, sound, arise….
3. 被动表主动的用法：be pleased, get married, be prepared, be occupied….
非谓语
一、不定式
1. 不定式的现在式： to do 不定式的现在进行式： to be doing
不定式的完成式： to have done 不定式的完成进行式： to have been doing 不定式的现在式的被动形式： to be done 不定式的完成式的被动形式： to have been done
2. 不定式可做主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语、状语(表目的、原因、结果)
To lean out of the window is dangerous． = It is dangerous to lean out of the window.
She agreed to pay ￡ 50． He asked me how to get the park. He is just about to leave． He advised me to go home. Do you have any question to ask? I come here to meet you. I’m glad to see you.
The temperature is so high as to change water into steam.
3. 后跟不定式的动词
agree, be determined, pretend, aim, endeavor, proceed, appear, fail, promise, arrange, forget, prove, ask, guarantee, refuse, attempt, happen, remember, bother（否定）, hesitate, resolve, care（否定）, hope, seem choose, learn, swear, claim, long, tend, condescend, manage, threaten,
consent, neglect, trouble（否定）, decide, offer, try（=attempt）, decline, plan, undertake, demand, prepare, volunteer, determine, be prepared, vow
be about, be able+afford, do one’s best, make an／every effort, make up one’s mind（＝decide） 4. 省略to的不定式
A. 情态动词
B. would rather／sooner， rather／sooner than，had better C. 使役动词 D. but，except后
E. and, or, than连接的两个不定式后面的那一个。 F. Why, Why not
5. 不定式的复合结构，常用for引出其逻辑主语 It’s important for us to get there before Sep 1st. 二、动名词
1. 动名词可做主语、宾语、表语 2. 习惯跟动名词做宾语的动词 admit dread anticipate enjoy appreciate escape avoid excuse
consider fancy（=imagine）
defer finish delay forgive deny imagine detest involve
dislike keep（=continue） loathe recollect
mean（=involve） remember（=recollect） mind（＝object） resent miss resist pardon risk
postpone save（sb the trouble of） practise stop（＝cease） prevent suggest propose （=suggest） understand
3. 有些词后可跟不定式，可跟动名词。一般动名词表示已发生过的事情，不定式表示未发生的事情。如forget, remember, regret, stop, begin
4. want, need, demand, deserve, require, desire, merit(值得), bear(承受), worth, be worth of后，动名词主动表被动。 My bicycle wants repairing= to be repaired. 4. 动名词的复合结构
逻辑主语无生命用’s，代词用物主代词: We are looking forward for Lily’s/her coming.
无生命用原形：I saw the machine moving.
5. 不定式一般表一次性、具体性、目的性。动名词表习惯性、一般性、过去性。 Reading is a good habit. 三、分词
1. 分词有形容词、副词特征,可作定语、表语、补语、状语。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有。
2. 过去分词表已完成、被动；现在分词表正进行、主动 3. 分词的复合结构即独立主格结构
分词作状语可以表原因、时间、伴随等，如果分词的主语与主句
主语相同则可省略，如果不同，则需带自己的主语称之为独立主格结构。
He rode away whistling．
逻辑主语与分词之间如为主动关系，则用现在分词，若为被动关
系，则用过去分词或现在分词完成式的被动。
分词与主句谓语动词先后关系。如无先后关系则用粉刺的一般式；
如果分词发生在谓语动词之前，则用一般式的完成形式。
逻辑主语一般用代词的主格或者名词的普通格。
4. 感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel等后跟do表动作的完整性，跟doing表示动作的进行性。
I saw him work in the garden. I saw him working in the garden.
情态动词
must have to can could
shall should ought to will would may might 1. must和have to
在否定结构中don’t have to表示“不必”，mustn’t表示“禁止” You don’t have to come here. You mustn’t enter that room. must的疑问和回答 Must I come here before 8? Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t. 2. could
提出委婉的请求，但回答中不可用could Could I open the window? Yes, you can. 3. 情态动词表推测
must, can, could, may, might可表推测，程度依次降低。
对现在推测+do/be doing He may be cooking. He must be in the kitchen. 对将来推测+do/be doing He might be cooking at 12:00. 对过去推测+have done He must have finished cooking. 否定形式
He can’t have been in Beijing, for I saw him this morning. 4. 情态动词（not）+have done 表示与事实相反的情况 5. had better 最好
You’d better come here before 5. You’d better not drink this. 6. would rather 宁愿
would rather…than…宁愿。。。而不愿。。。 would sooner, had rather, had sooner都可表宁愿 7. need可做实义动词，可做情态动词。
虚拟语气
1. If引导的主从复合句 从句 主句 would/should/could/might+do would/should/could/might+have 与现在事实相反 did/were 与过去事实相反 had done done 与将来事实相反 were to do/should would/should/could/might+do do 如果省略了if则从句的助动词要提前从而使句子倒装。 2. “坚决要命”型
带有宾语从句的主句的谓语动词或主句中作宾补的形容词、带有主语从句的主句中做表语的形容词、带有同位语的作主句同位成分的名词、带有表语从句的在主句中做主语的名词如果有表示“坚决要命”（坚持、建议、推荐；决心、决定；要求、重要的、必要；命令、致命的）的含义，从句使用(should)+do的形式的虚拟语气。
demanded, essential, necessary, important, ordered, required, vital, advisable, crucial, desirable, (im)proper, inevitable, preferable, urgent advice, command, demand, desire, importance, motion, necessity, order, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion
advise, command, demand, order, require, request, suggest, propose, recommend, insist, persist, 3. 状语从句型
1) as if/as though如果主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句的谓语动词用过去时；如果主句谓语动词是过去时，从句则用过去完成时
He talks as if he owned this place. He talked as though he had been to Rome.
2) lest（唯恐），in case（万一），for fear that（以免）通常主句用祈
使句或陈述句，从句常用(should/might/may/can/could)+do。注意的是，一定不能用would do 4. 特殊型
1） it is (high) time
从句中使用过去式。表示该是做某事的时间而实际延后了。 2） would rather
主语+ would rather/sooner后面跟主语+过去时
I would rather you paid cash. 3） wish
wish（that）+ 主语+ 过去时, 这一结构用于对目前的情况表示遗憾： I wish I knew his address
4） suppose, imagine, provide放句首相当于if
Suppose the world were flat.
主谓一致
1. 就近原则
1） There be句型
2） or, nor, either…or…, neither …nor…, not only…but also… 2. 意义一致
1） 定语从句中关系代词who, which, that作从句主语时，动词
单复取决于它指代的名词的数 2） all指物时用单数，指人用复数
3） the+adj. 作主语指一类人时用复数，指个人或某抽象概念时
用单数
3. 单数
1） 表示时间、重量、长度、数目等复数但表单数意义的词作主
语时
Six months is not a long time to wait.
2） 不定代词作主语时
Nobody is there. Anyone is ok.
3） 不定式，动名词，从句作主语时 4） either of…, neither of…, none of… 5） many a…, more than one…
Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs.
6） 用and连接但表示同种事物
a cup and saucer, fish and chips, a needle and thread… 7） 表示整体的集体名词 The family is a big one.
The committee has got an agreement. 4. 复数
1) 表个体的集体名词 The family are all pleased.
2) 集体名词或由多部分组成的物体 people, police, glasses, pants
3) few, many, both, several作主语 5. 特殊类
1） type/kind/series/form of 取决于这几个词的单复
2） 分数/百分数/half/part/portion of, 取决于of后的名词的单复 3） the number of… 单 vs. a number of 复数
附加疑问句
一些句子后面的简略的附加成分，用于征求对方的同意或肯定。附加疑问的主语总是用代词。
1. 在否定的陈述之后用普通的疑问式： You didn’t see him，did you？ 2. 在肯定的陈述之后用否定疑问式： Peter helped you，didn’t he？ 3. 不规则的用法如： 1) I’m late， aren’t I？
2) let’s带的附加问句中用助动词shall： Let’s go，shall we？
3) 凡是包含neither，no（形容词），none，no one，nobody，nothing，scarcely，barely，hardly，hardly ever，seldom等词的陈述句，都应看做是否定陈述，后面接一个普通的附加疑问： No salt is allowed，is it？ Nothing was said，was it？
4) 当句子的主语是anyone，anybody，no one，nobody，none，neither, everybody，everyone，somebody，someone时，在附加疑问中用they：
I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer，will they？ Neither of them complained，did they？ No one would object，would they？
5) There be句型的附加部分用be (not) there. 6) One作主语时附加疑问句的主语用one或you One can’t be too careful, can you?
7) 当陈述部分有that引导的宾语从句时，一般应与主句保持对应关系，但如果从句的谓语是suppose, believe, think等时，则与从句中的谓语保持一致，同时注意否定的转移 She says that I did it, doesn’t she? I don’t think he is right about that, is he?
8) 当陈述部分由ought to时附加疑问句为ought/should+主语 She ought to go by plane, shouldn’t she? He oughtn’t to go by plane, ought he? 9) 当陈述部分有must时
当must表“必须”时，附加疑问句用mustn’t，用mustn’t表禁止则附加疑问句中用must You must work hard, mustn’t you?
当must表“有必要”时，附加疑问句用needn’t
You must leave before 10, needn’t you?
must表推测时，根据must右面的成分来构成附加疑问句 He must be very tired, isn’t he? He must have been drunk, hasn’t he?
10) used to+动词原形时，附加疑问句为used/did+主语, dare, need与其相同
He used to smoke 10 cigarettes a day, didn’t/usen’t he? 11) 祈使句的附加疑问句
陈述部分为肯定句时，附加疑问句用will you, won’t you或would you
Give me that pen, will you?
陈述部分为否定时，只能用will you Don’t open that, will you? Let’s go home, shall we?
Let us go home, will you? Let me open it, will you? 12) 陈述句中有wish,附加疑问句中用may的肯定式 I wish to go to Beijing now, may I?
附加评论与附加疑问相同，是由助动词构成的，但不同的是在肯定的陈述句之后用普通的附加疑问形式，在否定的陈述句之后用否定的附加疑问形式。
附加评论可以加在一个肯定的陈述句之后表示说话者注意到所陈述的事：
You saw him，did you？相当于： Oh，so you saw him．
4. 这种附加语的主要用法在于表示说话人对于一句陈述的反应。通过语调他可以表示他是感兴趣的、不感兴趣的、惊奇的、高兴的、快乐的、愤怒的、怀疑的、不相信的等等。
说话人可以用再加一个助动词的办法更有力地表示他的感情： -I borrowed your car． -Oh，you did，did you？
定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
The lady who is standing behind the counter is my friend. 1. 关系词
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：
①连接作用，引导定语从句。
②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。
③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。
1) who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物
(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替）
(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
(2) Please pass me the book whose/of which) color is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3) which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：
(1) That cup which/that is green is broken。
绿色的杯子是破的。（which / that在从句中作主语）
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语）
3) 关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) (1) where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
Can you see the school where we met for the first time?
(2) when引导定语从句表示时间
[注]值得一提的是，表示时间“time\"一词的定语从句只用when
引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。
The time when we got together finally came.
I still remember the first time I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。
(3) why指原因
在定语从句中做原因状语
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
2. 指代物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which： 1)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时；
2)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略；
3)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时； 4)先行词中既有人又有物时；
5)整个句中前面已有which，who, that时； 6)当先行词为物并作表语时； 7)先行词为one时；
8)先行词同时又被the only, the very, the same修饰时； 3. 非限定性关系从句位于确定的名词之后。因此它对这类名词不作限定性描述，仅对该词作进一步说明作为补充而已。它不同于限定性关系从句，在句中并非必不可少，即使省略也不会引起意义上的混乱。它不同于限定性关系从句之处还在于它与被说明的名词之间用逗号隔开。非限定性关系从句中的关系代词绝对不能省略。这种句子结构相当正规，在书面语中用得比口语中多。
e.g. The travellers who knew about the floods took another road． 知道发大水的那些游客改道走了。
e.g. The travellers，who knew about the floods，took another road．
游客们知道发了大水，都改道走了。
The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained．
The boys，who wanted to play football，were disappointed. 5. 带介词的定语从句
The man to whom he is talking is our president. The school in which I studied is a good university. 名词/代词+of+which(whom)
Mt Tai, the summit of which is hardly seen, is often covered with snow. 介词通常位于名词或代词之前。然而，以下两个结构中的介词在非正式英语中有可能会移到句末：
1 以介词+whom／which／what／whose／where开头的疑问句： To whom were you talking？（正式的） Who were you talking to？（非正式的）
2在关系从句中位于whom／which之前的介词也可移到从句之末，此时关系代词常被省略：
the paople with whom I was travelling（正式的） 跟我一起旅行的人们 可变为：
the people I was travelling with（非正式的）
但在短语动词中，介词／副词跟在动词之后而不改变位置，因此上述的正规结构是不允许的：the child I was looking after不能改写成after
＋whom形式。Which bridge did they blow up？也不能改写为up＋which形式。 6. as引导的定语从句
常与前面的such, the same连用 I have the same problem as you.
用来引导非限制性定语从句，作用与which相同，指的是前面或后面的整个句子所表达的意思，可用在句首或句末。which只能放句中。
As might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.
名词性从句
共四种：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句 1. 连接词 that whether/if
who/whom/whose/what/which/when/where/how/why 2. 常见同位语从句先行词
belief, conclusion, doubt, evidence, fact, opinion, order, plan, point, suggestion……
状语从句
1. 时间 when, while, as, whenever, as long as, every/each time, hardly/scarcely had…when…(倒装), no sooner…than, before, after, once, since, till, until, the moment/instant/minute that
2. 地点 where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 3. 原因because, as, since, for, in that, now that 4. 方式 as, as if/though, like, the way
5. 目的so that, in order that, in case, lest for fear that
6. 结果 so that, so…that, such…that, to such an extent that, with the result that
7. 让步 although, as, (even) though, even if, ever型，whether or not, while(尽管) 注意：倒装结构 形容词+as+主语+系动词
Young as they are, the worker can’t finish these. 原形动词+though+主语+某些情态动词 Object though you may, they will go on as usual.
8. 条件 if, unless, as(so) long as, supposing, provided/providing, on condition that
9. 比较 as…as, not so/as…as, 比较级…than
名词
1. 名词作定语
名词作定语一般用单数 如book store但是也有例外 sports meeting, students reading-room
man, woman等做定语是，其单复由所修饰名词的单复决定
men workers, women teachers
数词加名词作定语时，两词中间一般会用连字符，名词使用单数 five-year plan 2. 名词所有格规则
1） 单数名词及非s结尾的复数名词后加’s 2） 由s结尾的复数名词后只加’
3） 不能加’s的名词，可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构表示所有关
系 the title of the song
4） 在表示店铺或者某人的家时加’s the barber’s, the smith’s
5） 两名词并列，分别加’s表示分别拥有，只有最后一个名词加’s
则表示共有 Jane’s and Mary’s rooms; Jane and Mary’s room 6） 复合名词或短语，’s加在最后一个词的词尾。a month or two’s
absence.
冠词
1. 不定冠词：用在非特指或文中第一次出现的单数可数名词前，表示一个或者一类人或物 A book is for reading.
2. 定冠词：与名词连用，表示前文提到过的，或特定的某类事物或人。
与单数可数名词连用通常表一类事物，the dollar 与复数名词连用指整个群体,
They are the teachers of that school. They are teachers of that school. 与形容词连用表示一类人 与姓氏连用表示一家人 3. 零冠词 1） 国名人名
2） 泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或者事物 Students are persons
who learn at school.
3） 季节、月份、节日、假期、星期、日期 4） 称呼或官职前
5） 三餐、乐器、娱乐运动（不包括球类运动，球类运动需加定冠
词）
6） 两个或两个以上名词并列时
7） 交通工具表示前有by表示出行方式时 8） 抽象名词 help, beauty, knowledge, mercy 4. 冠词的位置
1） 当名词前的形容词被so, as, too, how, however, enough等副词修
饰时，不定冠词在形容词后；被quite, rather修饰时，不定冠词放其前后均可a rather cold day, rather a cold day
2） 在as， though引导的让步状语从句中， 当出现倒装结构时，
冠词置于形容词后名词前
Brave a man though he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes.
3） 定冠词通常放于名词，名词的修饰语前，但如果有all, both,
double, half, twice, …times等，则放在他们后面 All the students
形容词与副词
比较级
1. 原级比较： as+原级+as；not as/so+原级+as 注意比较对象必须一致
The climate of Shanghai is as mild as that of London. 表示倍数常使用“倍数+as+原级+as” This room is twice as hot as that one. This coat costs twice as much as that one. 2. 比较级 比较级+than
1）比较级前面一般不用the，但有几个特例： 越。。。越。。。，the more…the more的结构 当表示“两者中比较。。。的一个”时，用定冠词the Of the two boys, he is the smarter one.
表示“因而更加„„”的概念时，用“all/so much/none等副词+the+比较级”，其后不接than从句 She felt so much the younger. 2) more than结构
I like watching TV more than going to the cinema.
表语中比较两个形容词用more„than连接时，其含义为“与其说„不如说”，也可用not so much…as That little girl is more shy than timid. That little girl is not so much timid as shy. no+比较级+than
如果形容词为褒义，则对前后两对象的否定；反之，则是对前后两对象的肯定
Tom is no better than Mike.
但是no more than指“仅仅”，no less than “达„之多”
3）注意一些天生就是比较级意义的形容词，他们没有比较级，只能跟to连用。superior, inferior, junior, senior 3. 最高级
最高级可由much, by far, nearly等词修饰
否定+比较级可以等于最高级。I’ve never seen better place.
it的用法
1. it通常用来代替事物或指代我们不知道其性别的动物，有时也用来指代婴儿或较年幼的小孩：
Where is my map？I left it on the table． Look at that bird．It always comes to my window． Her new baby is tiny．It only weights 2 kilos． 2．在下列句子中it可以用于指代人：
Ann（on phone）：Who is that？／Who is it？ Bill：It’s me． —Is that Tom over there？ —No，it’s Peter．
3. it用于表示时间、距离、天气、温度和潮水的说法中： —What time is it？ —It is six．
—What’s the date？ —It’s the third of March．
—How far is it to York？ —It is 400 kilometres．
—How long does it take to get there？ —It depends on how you go．
It’s raining／snowing／freezing． It is a fine night． It’s full moon tonight．
In winter it’s／it is dark at six o’clock． It is hot／cold／quiet／noisy in this room． It’s high tide／low tide．
注意下列句子：
It’s／It is three years since I saw him． 相当于：I haven’t seen him for three years． 4. 形式主语it
1） it可以引导下列类型的句子（强调句型）： It was 'Peter who lent us the money． It’s 'today that he’s going． 这种it甚至可以与复数名词连用： It’s pilots that we need，not ground staff．
2）如不定式是句子主语，通常把it置于句首而把不定式放在后面： It is better to be early． It seems a pity to give up now．
如果将it＋be置于find／think（that）之后，通常be和that可省略： He thought（that）it（would be）better to say nothing． We found it impossible to get visas．
3）在句子的主语是从句的情况下可以用it。以下的用法是可以的： It’s odd that he hasn’t phoned． It’s certain that prices will go up．
5. it／this可代表句中前面提到过的短语、从句或动词：
He smokes in bed，though I don’t like it．（it＝his smoking in bed） He suggested flying，but I thought it would cost too much．（it=flying） 6. it还可以充当非人称动词的主语：
it seems似乎，看起来好像 it appears似乎，看来 it looks显得，好像 it happens碰巧，偶然
倒装
1. 当方位词或拟声词做状语放句首，且动词为go, come等表示方位移动的词时，句子倒装。但是主语是代词，则不能倒装 Away went his cat.
2. 句首为表示地点的介词词组时 In this chapter will he find an answer. 3. 以so, nor, neither, no more开头的并列句 I can’t do this, nor can Tom 4. so…that句型中，so放句首时
So dangerous was the storm that the match had to be stopped 5. 否定词放句首时：Never, seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, at no time, by no means, in no case, on no account, under no circumstance, not until, only when, only+介词短语做状语, no sooner…than, scarcely…when…, not only…but…, neither…nor 6. 方式副词或频度副词often, once, everyday, many a time 7. 让步状语从句 表语+as/though+主语+系动词 动词原形+though+主语+情态动词
强调
1. 强调句型 it be …that/who 2. It be not until…+that
It wasn’t until Anna criticized him that he became aware of his mistakes.
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